What term applies to the overall increase and decrease of economic activity over time?

The term that refers to the overall increase and decrease of economic activity over time is the Business Cycle. This concept encompasses the fluctuations in economic performance that occur in an economy, which include periods of expansion (growth) and contraction (recession).

During expansion, economic activities such as production, employment, and consumer spending typically increase, leading to economic growth. Conversely, during contractions, these activities decline, resulting in an economic slowdown. Understanding the Business Cycle is crucial for policymakers and businesses as it helps them anticipate changes in the economy and adjust their strategies accordingly.

Market trends pertain to patterns and movements in the marketplace, often related to consumer behavior or industry performance, but they do not specifically address the broader economic fluctuations. Economic indicators are statistical measures that reflect the current economic condition and can inform about the phases of the economy, yet they do not define the cycles themselves. Financial statements are reports that summarize a company's financial performance and position, which, while important for businesses, do not capture the overarching movements in economic activity.